Tyco International As A Corporation Essay - 1753 Words

Tyco international is a corporation that was founded in 1960 Arthur J. Rosenberg. It began as an investment and holding company that eventually expanded into Healthcare, Electrical and Electronics, Specialty Products and Fire and Security Services. Tyco became a solid publically traded company under its founder and leader Arthur J Rosenberg. Under his leadership, Tyco not just expanded but grew that between 1973 and 1982 the company went from $34 million to 500 million in consolidated sales. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2011). The story of a leadership in crisis reflects on the governance and unethical misconduct of its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Dennis Kozlowski. Dennis Kozlowski entered the corporation in 1975 and at the time was under the leadership of Joseph Gaziano. Dennis was mentored by Gaziano and was quite impressed by the lavish, opulent and affluent lifestyle. In 1982 Gaziano passed away and John F. Fort III became CEO. His leadership style was that of one that was qui te frugal in his spending. This was a change within the culture of Tyco as it moved in a new direction and Kozlowski had to adapt to the changes. Fort Leadership and Management style was to cut back on what he saw as wasteful spending. He opposed the extravagance of that of his predecessor and directed the company focus more towards making a profit for investors and shareholders. Kozlowski adapted to the changes made by Fort and also supported the vision and new direction theShow MoreRelatedTyco Organization1214 Words   |  5 PagesTyco Corporation Management 330 March 20, 2009 Introduction During the course of this paper one will see addressed several issues of responsibilities that the Tyco Corporation must deal with. Some of these issues are ones that they have had to deal with quite recently. The responsibilities that one will see discussed are the legal, social and ethical issues that arise in a company that is nationally known. Legal Tyco provides products and services across the world. Read MoreMisappropriation of Assets1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the past two years, corporate America has endured a plethora of fraudulent acts committed by those of high status within their respective corporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discussion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequentlyRead MoreHasbro Case Study - Ethical Behavior1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn the aftermath of Tyco’s executive scandal in the early 2000’s, Ed Breen and Tyco’s newly elected management team were vital elements to the repair of Tyco’s corporate social responsibility and company image. During this time, Tyco International began focusing on the repair of internal weaknesses and devised several initiatives to improve their image and reform their values. During Tyco’s reform period they focused on multiple goals and company-wide achievements. Governance, customers, growthRead MoreMisappropriation Of Assets Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the past two years, corporate America has endured a plethora of fraudulent acts committed by those of high status within their respective corporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discussion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequentlyRead MoreTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Traditionally, along with leading, organizing and controlling, planning is one of the main functions of management. As a function, planning has to answer five questions; where does the company want to go, why they want to go there, how they will arrive at their destination, what is needed to go there and finally, how they will know when they have reached their goal. In this paper I will explore how Tyco International, Ltd. has used the planningRead MorePlanning Functions of Management1530 Words   |  7 Pagesset the organization on a detrimental course. This paper will examine to what degree different management planning functions impact the Tyco Corporation as well as factors that influence the planning phase. Legal â€Å"Tyco International, founded by Edward Breen in 1960 is located in Princeton, New Jersey and employs 247, 900 employees† (Tyco, 2008). While the name Tyco is synonymous with success and growth, yet little is known of the legal challenges encountered when planning a new product or alteringRead MoreThe Management Failure Of Tyco International Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Management Failure of Tyco International Tyco International was founded by Edward Breen in 1960 (Wikipedia, 2007). According to Wikipedia, (2007), Tyco International’s operational headquarters is located in Princeton, New Jersey, and employs 247,900 employees. Dennis Kozlowski became the CEO in 1992, leading with aggressiveness acquiring several other companies into the organization (Wikipedia, 2007). In 1999, after a stock split, rumors began to spread about Tyco’s accounting habitsRead MoreCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis1653 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis Case Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis Gupta Bhagirath, BUS604 Grand Canyon University Abstract Tyco International Ltd. NYSE: TYC is a highly diversified global manufacturing company incorporated in Switzerland, with United States operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International is composed of five major business segments: ADT Worldwide, Fire Protection Services, Safety ProductsRead MoreTyco Case1746 Words   |  7 PagesTyco International: à ¸ Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸â€œÃ  ¸ µÃ  ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ ¶Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ©Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸Å Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸Å¡ à ¸ §Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë† 17 à ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ´.à ¸ ¢. 2005 à ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸â€¢Ã  ¸Å"à ¸ ¹Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Tyco, Dennis Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸Å¾Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¸Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ² Mark Swartz à ¹â€žÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¾Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¹Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹Å'à ¸ §Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸â€žÃ  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸Å"à ¸ ´Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¡ à ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¹ Ã  ¸Å"à ¸â„¢ à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸ Ã  ¸â€¡ à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â„¢ à ¸ .à ¸ ¢. à ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ 2005 Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ° Swartz à ¹â€žÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸â€"à ¸ ©Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ³Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ² 8 – 25 à ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ à ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë† Mid State Correctional Facility à ¸ ­Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ¹Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¹â€° Utica à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡ New York à ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¹Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¸Ã  ¸â€ Michael Obus à ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ±Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â€¡ Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ° Swartz à ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ³Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€ USD 134 à ¸ ¥Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸  à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€žÃ  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸Å Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸Å Ã  ¹â€° à ¸ ­Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸ Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ ±Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸â€¡ KozlowskiRead MoreTyco International-Case Study919 Words   |  4 Pagescase discusses the Tyco International corporate scandal that was realized in 2002 when the national television of the U.S. showed one of the most well-known chief executive officers, Dennis Kozlowski in handcuffs after being arrested for misappropriating the companys money and concealing information from the companys board of directors and shareholders. In 2004, the former CEO Dennis Kozlowski and former CFO Mark Swartz were accused of the theft of $170 million from Tyco Corporation. However, they

Childhood Memory And Attention As Predictors Of Academic...

Early Childhood Memory and Attention as Predictors of Academic Growth Trajectories Memory plays a very important role in our academic growth and improving our skills. The purpose of this paper is to review a study by Stipek Valentino (2015), which examines associations between attention and memory and academic skill development. Stipek Valentino (2015) used longitudinal data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to measure how well attention and short-term and working memory in early childhood predict growth trajectories in both math and reading comprehension through adolescence and education attainment in young adulthood (Stipek Valentino, 2015). The study indicated that the relationship between working memory and attention in academic outcomes was observed to be strong and positive in early childhood but not significant during the later years (Stipek Valentino, 2015). The results of the study suggest that core cognitive capacities predict learning in the early elementary grades, but the relationship weakens by late elementary school. These findings suggest that while efforts to develop attention and memory may improve academic achievement in the early grades, during the later grades interventions that focus directly on learning the subject matter are more likely to improve academic achievement (Stipek Valentino, 2015). Implications of the Article The implications of this study are very important as achievement in school requires aShow MoreRelatedPoor Academic Performance7039 Words   |  29 PagesPOOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE   IN SCHOOL Guidelines for Parents and Teachers The initial step in intervention for children not doing well in school is to determine the cause. The school psychologist may be the best source of information, and the either the school or the parents can request an evaluation to determine the causes of a child’s learning problems. The  Ã‚  following general causes and suggested interventions are based on the gross distinctions suggested by Rabinovitch:  Ã‚  1. deficits in specificRead MoreFactors Affecting the Career Choice of Senior High School Students9169 Words   |  37 Pageseducational attainment and family size of income are related, indirectly to children achievement through the parent’s educational expectations. Childhood can also have an effect on career choice. There are children aspire what they want to become when they grow and they tend to follow that childhood aspiration so that they can accomplish their childhood career aspiration. Size of income of the family provides also an answer in choosing a career. A career might be intellectually rewarding as wellRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesstorage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Read MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 Pagesthe needs that audiences bring to the media, (c) was too uncritical of the possible dysfunction both for self and society of certain kinds of audience satisfaction, and (d) was too captivated by the inventive diversity of audiences used to pay attention to the constraints of the text (Katz, 1987). Despite severe limitations, early researchers, especially those at the Bureau of Applied Social Research of Columbia University, persevered, particularly in examining the effects of the mass media onRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesvisions of the organization? 54 54 56 56 56 58 58 59 60 60 63 66 68 69 70 72 74 75 77 81 83 85 87 87 87 89 92 92 94 Chapter 3 Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Introduction Neo-modernist organization theory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThe Rise of Extreme Jobs 610 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior 616 623 Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 About the Authors Stephen P. Robbins Education Ph.D. University of Arizona Professional Experience Academic Positions: Professor, San Diego State University, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, University of Baltimore, Concordia University in Montreal, and University of Nebraska at Omaha. Research: Research interests have focused on conflictRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pageswas the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. He consults to organizations around the world on innovation, globalization, and transformation and has published extensively in leading academic and business journals. is the Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and the architect of and the world’s foremost authority on disruptive innovation. â€Å"Businesses worldwide have been guided

Wilmington During The Civil War free essay sample

A study of the importance of the city of Wilmington, NC during the American Civil War. This paper focuses on the significance of the city of Wilmington, NC during the Civil War. The paper briefly mentions the economic factors behind the significance of this city but primarily discusses the role of Fort Fisher and how this fort made the city of Wilmington famous during the war years. During the civil war, some cities played a significant role in supporting the cause of their states. While the Union army was trying to capture all Southern states in a bid to stop them from declaring independence or withdrawing from the American Confederation, some cities played a major role in at least putting up strong resistance against the Union Army. One such city was that of Wilmington in North Carolina and the importance of this city lied in its ports. It is important to understand that ports and naval ships were the best way of transporting goods and weapons from one end to another and therefore attempts were made to cut off the route so that ships wouldnt be able to enter or leave Wilmington port. We will write a custom essay sample on Wilmington During The Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Snake Venom free essay sample

Intro Each year around 1 million people world wide are bitten by snakes, and around 30,000 to 40,000 of the snake bite victims die from the venomous injection of a venomous snake. Of the 2,000 species of snakes, about 400 are venomous. The cobra, coral snake, and rattlesnake are common examples of venomous snakes. (Snake2). Knowing this information and more can possibly save yours or somebody elses life when put into a situation when you have been bitten by a snake and cant identify it, this paper will educate you on what to do in case of a snake bite and how the venom works on the human body. Snake bite- the wound made by the fangs of a venomous snake or the teeth of a non-venomous one. (Snakebite). Snakes only bite to capture prey or protect themselves when they feel threatened. When they feel threatened they give you warnings to tell you that they are about to strike. We will write a custom essay sample on Snake Venom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example a rattlesnake will shake its rattle, a cobra will raise its hood, and the majority of the snake world will warn you with a loud audible hiss. Ways of Envomation The process of introducing venom into a victim is called envenomating. Envenomating by snakes is most often through their bite, but some species, like the pitting cobra, use additional methods such as squirting venom onto the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, and mouth) of prey animals. (Reptipage 1). There are different types of delivery methods of delivery of venom. First you come to the short fixed fangs of cobras and mambas. These fangs are fixed in the front of the snakes mouth and do not move when envenomating. In exception for the cobras there is the spitting cobra, which shoots out a Jet of venom out of the hollow holes in the fangs. The snake usually aims for the eyes, nose, or mouth as mentioned above. Then we ome to the vipers, which have swiveling fangs, which swing forward like a hinge while striking. Then there are the rear fanged snakes, which most of them are in the colibrid family. These fascinating snakes have fixed fangs in the back of their mouth, which are actually Just enlargened teeth, the strangest of these snakes in the stiletto snake. When the snake goes to strike, the fangs slide out of the side of the mouth and the snake strikes with the side of its mouth. It smacks its head on the victim and the fangs pierce the victim from the side of the mouth. When the snake bites, it chews to et venom flowing. Most of the snakes in this family are mildly venomous and the power of the venom isnt strong enough to do any real harm. Venom Venoms are basically modified digestive Juices, with a clear or yellowish tint to it. The components of venom cause the preys nervous system to malfunction while others break down muscles and blood vessels. Most venoms cause a multitude of effects behind each eye that connect with enlargened teeth modified for injection. (Harvey The Action of Venom Snake venom is a complex protein substance and its exact composition varies from one species of snake to anther. When a snake bites, it generally injects its venom though or near its fangs into the wound. Snakebite can even occur when the snake has been dead recently, or even by the snakes dismembered head because the snakes nerve reflexes are not extinguished for many hours. (Snakebite 2). A neurotoxin venom works to disrupt the function of the brain and nervous system. Classically, such snake venom causes paralysis or lack of muscle control, but it can also disrupt the individual signals sent between neurons and muscles. Such venoms can also attack the bodys supply of ATP, a nucleotide that is critical in energy transfer. Researchers once believed that many snake venoms contained digestive enzymes to make it easier to process prey. Howeve r, this does not appear to be the case; snakes with digestive enzymes in their venom dont digest prey any more quickly. More probably, such snake venom contributes to tissue death by literally eating the tissue away, accomplishing the snakes goal of incapacitating a victim long enough to start eating. Some animals have natural immunities to snake venom and immunities can also be induced through careful applications of processing the venom. This technique is used to make the venom used in snakebite treatments. Because there are around 600 venomous snakes in the world, many nations have venom exchange programs, which ensure that hospitals and treatment centers can provide anti-venom from other facilities in an emergency. (Snakebite 1). Venom Composition Snake venom has a great majority of proteins: some have enzymatic activity, some can block nerve or muscle cell receptors, and some have activity in the protein cascades for coagulation, complement fixation, or inflammation. (Reptipage 1). Most snake venoms contain specific proteins that paralyze the prey so that it no longer oves, interfere with normal blood clotting mechanisms so that the anima goes into shack and then they begin the process of digestion by breaking down the tissues of the prey animal. (Reptipage 1). -roxtcit-y (LD 50) Toxicity of venoms is usually expressed by LD50: the lowest dose that kills 50% of a group of experimental animals. That dose varies not Just between the venoms tested, but also depends on which species of prey animals receive the venom. Generally, the most toxic venom is the one with the lowest LD50. However, some snakes have venoms that are quite specialized for certain types of prey. Few studies have used the natural prey of a snake species, which would involve capturing a number of wild animals. Instead most research has used inbred strains of laboratory animals. rodents. The next factor in assessing the danger of a partiticular species of snake is the dose of venom that is actually introduced into the tissues. Some types of snakes have an extremely efficient mechanism of injection venom with a sing strike; others have poor success in doing so. The amount of venom produced by snakes that is available for secretion with a bite also varies between kinds of snakes, and between ndividuals (usually by size) of any one species (reptipage 1). Symptoms of venomous snakebites. The symptoms vary not only with the type of venom injected, but also with the amount. A snake may release no venom at all, or it may release as much as 75% of the total amount stored in its venom glands. Often when a snake bites in self- defense, it injects less venom than when it attacks its prey. The physical condition of the victim and the location of the bite also affect the severity of the symptoms. A bite into a muscle is less dangerous than a bite into a blood vessel, for example, because oxins in the blood are quickly circulated through the body. General symptoms of snakebite include localized pain and swelling soon after the bite occurs, followed by nausea, tingling or numbness, weakness, and shortness of breath. If victims do not receive treatment within a few hours, they may suffer convulsions, fall into a coma, and die. Even venoms that damage only tissue can be fatal within several days. (Snake venom 2). Listed below are different stages of snakebite symptoms: Paralysis Some proteins secreted in snake venoms are toxins that affect nerves. (Neurotoxins) nd the contractibility of muscle. Most neurotoxins in snake venoms are too large to cross the blood-brain barrier, and so they usually exert their effects on the peripheral nervous system rather than directly on the brain and spinal cord. Many of these neurotoxins cause paralysis by blocking the neuromuscular Junction. In fact, biologists first learned some of the details of how the neuromuscular Junction normally functions by using purified snake venoms in physiology experiments. (Reptipage 2). Shock Many components in snake venom disrupt normal blood flow and normal blood lotting (coagulation). Some common enzymes in snake venoms increase bleeding by preventing the formation of clots, and others by breaking down established clots. Both of these types of enzymes include metalloproteases. Other toxins increase bleeding time by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, the small odd-shaped blood cells that collect at the site of a tear in a blood vessel and form a plug to close it. Profound loss of blood can cause hemorrhagic shock, and disable a prey animal. When many tiny blood clots form in the bloodstream there is a pathological condition nown as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which also causes shock. Some enzymes in snake venom set of DIC in the bloodstream of their envenomated prey by interfering with the activity of serine proteases involved in the regulation of Toxins that set off clotting within the blood vessels of envenomated animals can cause both stroke and heart attacks. Infarction is a medical term that means death to tissues because of a block in their blood supply, and clots within the arteries of the neck and brain, as well as the coronary arteries can deprive the blood supply enough to cause infarctions in these organs. Reptipage 3). Death!!!! When the circumstances are right, and enough venom is injected, if you do not receive medical attention immediately after the bite, you will DIE! Types of venomous snakes There are two major types of venomous snakes: 1 . Vipers and 2. Elapids. Vipers include rattlesnakes, copperhead, and water moccasins. Many vipers strike and release their victims quickly because their fangs can shoot venom instantly into the wound. Elapids i nclude cobras, mambas, and coral snakes. The fangs of an elapid snake do not deliver venom quickly; therefore, an elapid frequently hangs on to its ictim and chews, forcing venom into the bite. In most cases, the wound from an elapid causes little pain at first. But later the breathing organs of the victim become partly paralyzed, and the victim becomes sleepy. Venom characteristics and venom delivery (according to family) The venomous snakes are represented in only four families. There are variations in the methods of envenomation according to family. The families are listed below with information included about each of them. Crotalinae (crotalines) Common names of well-known members: Pit vipers, including lanceheads, moccasins, and rattlesnakes. Pit viper venom characteristically contains a potent mix of enzymes that produce an emphatic degree of tissue destruction at the site of the bite. As with most venom, there can be both local and systematic effects. However, unless a bite by a pit viper is dry (meaning no venom injected), there will ordinarily be marked inflammation at the site of the bite and possibly systemic effects. Rattlesnakes range in size from small pigmy rattlesnakes (sistrurus) to large (many species of crotalus, such as the Eastern diamondback, (crotalus adamanteus) most pit vipers are potentially very active and aggressive snakes. The strike can be lightning quick, measured in one study as less than 50ms. (Reptipage 2). Viperidae (viperids) Common names of well know members: pitless vipers, pit vipers Bites by snakes of the family viperidae often induce local break down of muscle and tissues which may result in permanent deformity in the region of the bite (myotoxic phospholipases). Some types of vipers inject venom that travels through the blood stream and breaks down muscle cells systemically, with relatively little reaction at the site of the bite, but enough muscle cells throughout the body release their contents nto the victims bloodstream to cause a condition know as rhabdomyolysis. In rhabdomyolysis (rhabdo=rod, myo=muscle cell, lysis†breaks apart) the large iron When myoglobin reaches the kidney, the renal system attempts to filter it out of the blood. If the amount of myoglobin is very large, acute renal failure results, and the blood is no longer properly filtered of even normal body wastes by the kidneys.